Color Atlas Of Large Animal Anatomy

SPURGEON'S COLOR ATLAS OF Large Animal Anatomy The Essentials Thomas O. McCracken Robert A. Kainer Thomas L. Spurgeon LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS Spurgeon's Color Atlas of Large Animal Anatomy: The Essentials Spurgeon's Color Atlas of Large Animal Anatomy: The Essentials Thomas O. McCracken, MS Former Associate Professor of Anatomy College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences Colorado State University Vice President for Product and Development Visible Productions LLC Fort Collins, Colorado Robert A. Kainer, DVM, MS Professor Emertius of Anatomy College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences Colorado State University Fort Collins, Colorado Thomas L. Spurgeon, PhD Late Associate Professor of Anatomy College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences Colorado State University Fort Collins, Colorado LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS A Wolters Kluwer Company Philadelphia • Baltimore • New York • London Buenos Aires • Hong Kong • Sydney • Tokyo Thomas Spurgeon TO OUR COLLEAGUE AND FRIEND Dr. Thomas L. Spurgeon, exceptionally well-trained anatomist, superb teacher, and educa- tional innovator, devoted his professional life to the advancement of anatomic education through scientific investigation and the dissemination of anatomic knowledge. Following service to his country in the United States Air Force, Thomas L. Spurgeon entered college. Upon completion of his doctorate in anatomy in the School of Veterinary Medicine at the University of California-Davis, Dr. Spurgeon accepted a faculty position in the College of Veterinary Medicine at Washington State University. His record as an excellent anatomist at that institution led to a position in the College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences at Colorado State University. His broad knowledge of both human and veterinary anatomy was utilized fully at Colorado State. Students requiring courses in basic human anatomy as well as those in comparative vet- erinary medicine and various animal sciences profited from the instruction provided by this well-rounded anatomist who possessed outstanding pedagogical skills. His expertise was also appreciated by the graduate students he mentored, particularly those in the biomedical illus- tration program. Dr. Spurgeon, a pioneer in the computer-assisted instruction of anatomy, was constantly seeking new methods of presentation. He and his colleague and close friend, Thomas Q. McCracken, conceived the unique anatomic presentation used in this atlas. Tragically, Dr. Spurgeon's untimely death in an automobile accident in 1997 brought to a halt his brilliant career. Dr. Spurgeon's devoted sons, Aaron and Kyle, are indeed proud of their father's accomplishments. Countless students mourn the passing of a man who, as teacher and friend, contributed so much to their lives. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Many talented individuals contributed to the production of Spurgeon's Color Atlas of Large Animal Anatomy: The Essentials. Foremost among them were the artists, Corey Calhoun, Molly Babich, Gale Mueller, and Sandra Mullins, who colored Thomas McCracken's original drawings of anatomic specimens. They employed manual and digital techniques to reproduce the subtle colors of tissues and organs. Consultants, who authored plates drawn by Thomas McCracken, selected clinical conditions and husbandry applications based on their anatomic significance. The consultants were Dr. Clyde Trotter for the horse; Dr. Frank Carpy for the ox; Dr. Joan Bowen for the sheep and goat; Dr. LaRue Johnson for the llama and alpaca and the swine; and Dr. John Avens for the chicken. These specialists reviewed the plates on the various species, enhancing the accuracy of their presentations. Their contributions are gratefully acknowledged. Carroll Cavan, Executive Editor of Teton-New Media, was an enthusiastic supporter of the concept of the atlas. We thank him for his suggestions and encouragement. Special thanks are due the late Dr. Patricia Brooks who supported her husband, Dr. Spurgeon, and frequently assisted him in his work. She, too, was a contributor to this atlas. We greatly appreciated the reliable assistance of Dennis Madden, pathology technician in the Department of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences at Colorado State University. His procure- ment of specimens and his dissection skills were essential to the preparation of this book. We thank Mark Goldstein for a student's viewpoint. His assistance with the compilation of the index and his review of the final chapter were the most helpful. A special thank you to Dr. Michael Smith from the World Health Laboratory of the Centers for Disease Control, for his careful review of the final proofs. His knowledge of anatomy and the responsiveness of his colleagues greatly aided in the birth of this famous work. Acknowledgments go to the Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology and the Department of Clinical Sciences at Colorado State University for the use of their facilities for anatomic drawings of manikins, skeletons, and embalmed specimens, and muscle prosections. The residents and interns were most helpful in providing anatomic specimens. We acknowledge the kindness of the directors at the National Western Stock Show and the Highline Valley Farming and Ranching Co. near Yuma, Colorado, as well as Western Alpine Publications, Inc. of Loveland, Colorado, for permission to use drawings from our book, Horse Anatomy, A Coloring Atlas. Permission from Pfizer Animal Health Group to use draw- ings of the chicken’s anatomy from Anatomical Atlas is also appreciated. Editor: Donna Balado Managing Editor: Crystal Taylor Marketing Manager: Jennifer Conrad Production Editor: Karen Ruppert Copyright © 1999 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins 351 West Camden Street Baltimore, Maryland 21201-2436 USA 530 Walnut Street Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19106-3621 All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any means, including photo- copying, or utilized by any information storage and retrieval system without written permission from the copyright owner. The author is not responsible (as a matter of product liability, negligence or otherwise) for any injury resulting from any material contained herein. This publication contains information relating to general principles of medical care which should not be construed as specific instructions for individual patients. Manufacturers’ product information and package inserts should be reviewed for current information, including con- traindications, dosages and precautions. Printed in the United States of America First Edition Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data McCracken, Thomas O. Spurgeon's color atlas of large animal anatomy : the essentials / Thomas O. McCracken, Robert A. Kainer, Thomas L. Spurgeon p. cm ISBN 0-683-30673-1 1. Veterinary anatomy Atlases. I. Kainer, Robert A. 636.0891 '75 -- dc21 II. Title. 99-20525 CIP The publishers have made every effort to trace the copyright holders for borrowed material. If they have inadvertently overlooked any, they will be pleased to make the necessary arrangements at the first opportunity. To purchase additional copies of this book, call our customer service department at (800) 638-3030 or fax orders to (301) 824-7390. International customers should call (301) 714-2324. 00 01 02 03 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 CONTENTS Introduction ............................................................................... xii Nomenclature and Anatomic Orientation ......................................... xiii Animal Classification ................................................................... xiii General Terminology: Positional and Directional Terms ........................ xvi Body Planes ............................................................................ xvii Body Cavities and Membranes ..................................................... xviii SECTION 1 THE HORSE (Equus caballus) Plate 1.1 Right lateral view of a stallion. ......................................... 2 Plate 1.2 Left lateral view of a mare. ........................................... 3 Plate 1.3 Body regions of the horse. ........................................... 4 Plate 1.4 Skeleton of the horse. .............................................. 5 Plate 1.5 Cutaneous muscles and major fasciae of the stallion. .............. 6 Plate 1.6 Superficial muscles and veins of the mare. .......................... 7 Plate 1.7 A. Parasagittal section of the equine digit. ........................... 8 B. Palmar (plantar) view of osseous structures of the equine digit. ........ 9 Plate 1.8 Relations of the hoof. ............................................... 10 Plate 1.9 Stay apparatus of equine forelimb. ................................ 11 Plate 1.10 Stay apparatus of the reciprocal apparatus of the hindlimb. ........ 12 Plate 1.11 Deep muscles and in situ viscera of the stallion. .................... 12 Plate 1.12 Deep cervical muscles; major joints; and in situ viscera of the mare. 13 Plate 1.13 Median section of the horse's head. ................................. 14 Plate 1.14 A. Occlusal (grinding) surface of an equine lower first incisor tooth related to continuous eruption and wear. ............................................. 15 B. Complete dentition of the horse circa 5 years of age. ................... 15 Plate 1.15 Isolated stomach and intestines of the horse. ........................ 16 Plate 1.16 Equine cecum, large (descending) colon, and transverse colon in situ. 17 Plate 1.17 Clinical condition: Right dorsal displacement of the large colon. ...... 18 Plate 1.18 Clinical condition: Left dorsal displacement of the large colon. ....... 19 Plate 1.19 Reproductive organs, urinary organs, liver, heart, and adjacent major vessels related to the skeleton of the stallion. ....................................... 20 Plate 1.20 Heart and some adjacent major vessels, abdominal and pelvic viscera, and udder (mammary glands) of the mare. ................................... 21 Plate 1.21 Relations of the reproductive organs of the stallion. ..................... 22 Plate 1.22 Relations of the reproductive organs of the mare. ........................ 23 Plate 1.23 Neonatal organs of the foal. ........................................... 24 Plate 1.24 Major arteries of the mare. .......................................... 25 Plate 1.25 Major veins of the stallion. Portal system excluded. ................. 26 Plate 1.26 Lymph nodes and vessels of the horse. ................................ 27 Plate 1.27 Central and somatic nervous system of the stallion. ..................... 28 Plate 1.28 Autonomic nervous system of the mare. ................................. 29 SECTION 2 THE OX (Bos taurus, also Bos indicus) Plate 2.1 Right lateral view of a beef bull. ...................................... 32 Plate 2.2 Left lateral view of a dairy cow. ....................................... 33 Plate 2.3 Body regions of the ox. ................................................. 34 Plate 2.4 Skeleton of the ox. ..................................................... 35 Plate 2.5 Cutaneous muscles and major fasciae of the bull. ....................... 36 Plate 2.6 Superficial muscles and veins of the cow. .............................. 37 Plate 2.7 Deep cervical muscles and in situ viscera of the ox. .................... 38 Plate 2.8 Deep cervical muscles, major joints, in situ viscera, and udder of the cow. . 39 Plate 2.9 Median section of the head and left lateral view of the respiratory system of the ox. .......................................................................... 40 Plate 2.10 Interior of the rumen and reticulum of a steer. ......................... 41 Plate 2.11 Clinical condition: Right volvulus of the abomasum in a bull. .......... 42 Plate 2.12 Clinical condition: Left displacement of the abomasum in a cow. ....... 43 Plate 2.13 Reproductive organs, urinary organs, liver, heart, and adjacent major vessels related to the skeleton of the bull. ....................................... 44 Plate 2.14 Heart and adjacent major vessels, abdominal and pelvic viscera, and udder (mammary glands) of the cow. .......................................... 45 Plate 2.15 Relations of the reproductive organs of the bull. ....................... 46 Plate 2.16 Relations of the reproductive organs of the cow. ....................... 47 Plate 2.17 Major veins of the bull. ................................................ 48 Plate 2.18 Major arteries of the cow. ............................................ 49 Plate 2.19 Central nervous system and principal nerves of the peripheral nervous system of the bull. .................................................................... 50 Plate 2.20 Significant lymphatic organs of the cow. ................................. 51 SECTION 3 THE SHEEP (Ovis aries) Plate 3.1 Right lateral view of a ram. .......................................... 54 Plate 3.2 Left lateral view of an ewe. ........................................... 55 Plate 3.3 Carcass cuts of the lamb. ............................................ 56 Plate 3.4 Skeleton of the sheep. ................................................. 57 Plate 3.5 Cutaneous muscles and major fasciae of the ram. ..................... 58 Plate 3.6 Superficial muscles and veins of the ewe. ............................... 59 Plate 3.7 Deep cervical muscles and in situ viscera of the ram. .................. 60 Plate 3.8 Deep cervical muscles, in situ viscera, skeleton and major joints of the ewe. . 61 Plate 3.9 Dissection of the head region and cross-section of the head of a sheep. ... 62 Plate 3.10 A. Location of the left flank incision .................................. 63 B. Cross-section through the rib abdominal wall and subcutaneous normal wall .. 63 Plate 3.11 Reproductive organs, urinary organs, esophagus and stomach, heart, liver, and major vessels related to the skeleton of the ram. .......................... 64 Plate 3.12 Reproductive organs, urinary organs, heart, and adjacent major vessels related to the skeleton of the ewe. ....................................... 65 Plate 3.13 Relations of the reproductive organs of the ram. ....................... 66 Plate 3.14 Relations of the reproductive organs of the ewe. ........................ 67 Plate 3.15 Penis of the ram. .................................................... 68 Plate 3.16 Isolated reproductive organs of the ewe. ............................ 69 SECTION 4 THE GOAT (Capra hircus) Plate 4.1 Right lateral view of an Angora buck (billy). ............................ 72 Plate 4.2 Left lateral view of a Toggenburg doe (nanny). .......................... 73 Plate 4.3 Body regions of the goat. .......................................... 74 Plate 4.4 Skeleton of the goat. .............................................. 75 Plate 4.5 Cutaneous muscles and major fasciae of the buck. .................... 76 Plate 4.6 Superficial muscles and veins of the doe. ........................... 77 Plate 4.7 Major structures of the caprine left distal metacarpus and digits. ..... 78 Plate 4.8 A. Untrimmed hooves of the goat .................................. 79 B. Trimmed hooves of the goat ........................................... 79 C. Parasagittal section through the fetlock and digit. ...................... 79 Plate 4.9 Deep muscles and in situ viscera of the buck ............................ 80 Plate 4.10 Deep cervical muscles, in situ viscera, skeleton, and major joints of the doe ... 81 Plate 4.11 Superficial structures of the goat's head ......................................... 82 Plate 4.12 Median section of the caprine head ............................................... 83 Plate 4.13 Reproductive organs, abdominal viscera, heart, and adjacent major vessels related to the skeleton of the buck ........................................... 84 Plate 4.14 Reproductive organs, abdominal viscera, heart, and adjacent major vessels of the doe ..................................................................... 85 Plate 4.15 Relations of the reproductive organs of the buck .................................. 86 Plate 4.16 Relations of the reproductive organs of the doe ................................... 87 SECTION 5 THE LLAMA AND ALPACA (Lama glama and Lama pacos ) Plate 5.1 Right lateral view of a male llama ............................................... 90 Plate 5.2 Left lateral view of a female huacaya alpaca ..................................... 91 Plate 5.3 Body regions of the llama ......................................................... 92 Plate 5.4 Skeleton of the llama ............................................................. 93 Plate 5.5 Cutaneous muscles and major fasciae of the male llama ............................. 94 Plate 5.6 Superficial muscles of the female alpaca .......................................... 95 Plate 5.7 Deep muscles and in situ viscera of the male llama ................................ 96 Plate 5.8 Deep cervical muscles, in situ viscera, and major joints of the female alpaca ..... 97 Plate 5.9 Median section of the llama's head ................................................ 98 Plate 5.10 Dentition of the llama ............................................................ 99 Plate 5.11 Properly and improperly placed lower jaw of a young llama ......................... 100 Plate 5.12 Relations of the llama's common carotid arteries and their main branches .......... 101 Plate 5.13 Dentition of the mature llama ..................................................... 102 Plate 5.14 Isolated stomach and intestines of the male llama ................................. 103 Plate 5.15 Reproductive and urinary organs, stomach, heart, liver, heart, and adjacent major vessels related to the skeleton of the male llama ............................. 104 Plate 5.16 Reproductive and urinary organs, stomach, heart, liver, and adjacent major vessels of the female alpaca .......................................................... 105 Plate 5.17 Relations of the reproductive organs of the male alpaca ........................... 106 Plate 5.18 Relations of the reproductive organs of the female alpaca ......................... 107 SECTION 6 THE SWINE (Sus scrofa domestica) Plate 6.1 Right lateral view of a boar ...................................................... 110 Plate 6.2 Left lateral view of a sow ......................................................... 111