Apêndice 2 - Dados Experimentais

PRINCÍPIOS de QUÍMICA\nQUESTIONANDO A VIDA MODERNA\nE O MEIO AMBIENTE\n7ª Edição\nPETER ATKINS\nLORETTA JONES\nLEROY LAVERMAN DADOS EXPERIMENTAIS\n2A DADOS TERMODINÂMICOS A 25°C\nSubstâncias inorgânicas\nSubstância\nMassa molar\nEntalpia de formação\nEnergia livre de Gibbs de formação\nCapacidade calorífica molar\nEnergia molar Substâncias inorgânicas (continuação)\nSubstância\nMassa molar\nEntalpia de formação\nEnergia livre de Gibbs de formação\nCapacidade calorífica molar\nEnergia molar 2A Dados termodinâmicos a 25ºC A11\n\nSubstância\nMassa molar\nM(g/mol)\n\nEntalpia de formação\nΔHfº(kJ·mol-1)\n\nEnergia livre de Gibbs de formação\nΔGfº(kJ·mol-1)\n\nCapacidade calorífica molar\nCp,mº(J·K-1·mol-1)\n\nEnergia molar\nSº(J·K-1·mol-1)\n\nDeutério\nD(g)\n4,028\n0\n0\n29,20\n144,96\nD2(g)\n20,028\n−249,20\n−243,54\n34,27\n198,34\nD2O(l)\n20,028\n−294,60\n−243,44\n34,27\n75,94\nEnxofre\nS(s), rómbico\n32,06\n0\n0\n22,64\n31,80\nS(s), monoclínico\n32,06\n+0,33\n+0,1\n23,6\n32,6\nS2−(aq)\n32,06\n+3,31\n+85,8\n—\n−14,6\nH2S(g)\n34,08\n−20,63\n−33,65\n34,23\n205,79\nH2S(aq)\n34,08\n−29,37\n−27,83\n—\n121\nSO2(g)\n64,06\n−296,83\n−300,19\n39,87\n248,22\nSO3(g)\n80,06\n−395,72\n−371,06\n50,67\n256,76\nSO2−(aq)\n96,06\n−909,27\n−744,53\n—\n+20,1\nHSO4−(aq)\n97,07\n−887,34\n−755,91\n—\n+13,18\nH2SO4(l)\n98,08\n−813,99\n−609,00\n138,9\n156,90\nSF6(g)\n146,06\n−120\n−116,03\n97,28\n\nEstanho\nSn(s), branco\n118,71\n0\n0\n26,99\n41,14\nSn(s), cinza\n118,71\n−2,09\n+0,13\n25,77\n44,14\nSnO(s)\n134,71\n−285,8\n−256,9\n44,31\n56,5\nSnO2(s)\n150,37\n−580,7\n−519,6\n52,39\n\nFerro\nFe(s)\n55,84\n0\n0\n25,10\n27,28\nFe2+(aq)\n55,84\n−89,1\n−78,90\n—\n−137,7\nFe3+(aq)\n55,84\n+4,85\n+6,9\n—\n\nFe(s), α\n87,90\n−100,0\n−100,4\n50,54\n60,29\nFe(s)\n97,90\n−178,2\n−166,9\n62,17\n52,93\nFe2O3(s), hematita\n159,68\n−824,2\n−742,2\n103,85\n87,40\nFe2O3(s), magnetita\n231,54\n−1118,4\n−1015,4\n143,43\n146,4\n\nFlúor\nF(g)\n38,00\n0\n0\n31,30\n202,78\nF2(g)\n19,00\n−332,63\n−278,79\n—\n−13,8\nHF(g)\n20,01\n−271,1\n−273,2\n29,13\n173,78\nHF(aq)\n20,01\n−330,08\n−296,82\n—\n−88,7\n\nFósforo\nP(s), branco\n30,97\n0\n0\n23,84\n41,09\nPH3(g)\n33,99\n+5,4\n+13,4\n37,11\n210,23\nH3PO4(aq)\n81,99\n−964,8\n—\n—\n—\nP(g)\n123,88\n−58,91\n+24,44\n67,15\n279,98\nPCl5(g)\n137,82\n−287,0\n−267,8\n71,84\n311,78\nPCl3(g)\n208,22\n−374,9\n−305,0\n112,8\n364,6\nPCl5(s)\n218,08\n−164,0\n—\n—\n—\nP2O5(s)\n219,60\n−1610\n—\n—\n—\nP2O4(s)\n283,88\n−2984,0\n−2697,0\n—\n228,86\n\n(continua) Apêndice 2 Dados experimentais\n\nSubstâncias inorgânicas (continuação)\n\nHidrogênio (ver também Deutério)\n\nH(g)\n2,158\n0\n+217,97\n+203,25\n28,82\n130,68\nH(g)\n1,0079\n0\n0\n0\n0\nH2(g)\n2,016\n−285,83\n−237,13\n75,29\n69,91\nH2O(l)\n18,02\n−241,42\n−226,57\n33,58\n188,83\nH2O(g)\n18,02\n−285,83\n−237,13\n75,29\n69,91\nH2O(l)\n34,02\n−187,78\n−120,35\n89,1\n109\nH2O(g)\n34,02\n−191,17\n−134,03\n—\n143,9\n\nIodo\nI(g)\n253,80\n0\n0\n54,44\n116,14\nI2(g)\n253,80\n+62,44\n+19,33\n36,90\n260,69\nI−(aq)\n126,90\n−55,19\n−51,57\n—\n+111,3\nHI(g)\n127,91\n+26,48\n+1,70\n29,16\n206,59\n\nMagnésio\nMg(s)\n24,31\n0\n0\n24,89\n148,65\nMg(g)\n24,31\n−466,85\n−454,8\n—\n−138,1\nMgO(s)\n40,31\n−601,70\n−569,43\n37,15\n65,7\nMgCl2(s)\n84,32\n−109,5\n−101,2\n75,52\n65,7\n\nManganês\nMn(s)\n54,94\n0\n0\n26,3\n32,01\nMnO2\n86,94\n−520,0\n−465,1\n54,1\n53,05\n\nMercúrio\nHg(l)\n200,59\n0\n0\n27,98\n76,02\nHg(g)\n200,59\n+61,32\n+31,82\n20,79\n174,96\nHgCl2(g)\n216,59\n−90,83\n−58,64\n44,06\n70,29\nHgCl2(s)\n472,08\n−265,22\n−210,75\n102\n192,5\n\nNitrogênio\nN(g)\n28,02\n0\n0\n29,12\n191,61\nNH3(g)\n17,03\n−46,11\n−16,45\n35,06\n192,45\nNH3(l)\n17,03\n−80,29\n−26,50\n—\n11,1\nNH4+(aq)\n18,04\n−132,51\n−79,1\n—\n113,4\nN2O(g)\n30,01\n+90,25\n+86,55\n29,84\n210,76\nN2H4(l)\n32,05\n+50,63\n+149,34\n139,3\n121,21\nNH4OH(s)\n33,03\n−114,2\n—\n—\n238,97\nHNO3(aq)\n43,04\n+294,1\n+328,1\n98,87\n237,33\nN2(g)\n44,02\n+82,05\n+104,20\n38,45\n219,85\nNO(g)\n46,01\n+33,18\n−51,31\n37,20\n240,06\nNH4Cl(s)\n53,49\n−314,43\n−202,87\n—\n94,6\nNO3−(aq)\n62,02\n−205,0\n−108,74\n—\n146,4\nHNO3(aq)\n63,10\n−207,36\n−111,5\n—\n146,4\nNH4NO3(s)\n80,05\n−365,56\n−183,87\n84,1\n151,08\nN2(g)\n92,02\n+19,16\n−97,89\n77,28\n304,29\nNH4ClO4(s)\n11,79\n−295,31\n−88,75\n—\n186,2\n\nOxigênio\nO(g)\n32,00\n0\n0\n29,36\n205,14\nO2(g)\n17,01\n−229,99\n−157,24\n—\n−10,75\nO3(g)\n48,00\n+142,7\n+163,2\n39,29\n238,93\n 2A Dados termodinâmicos a 25ºC A13\n\nSubstância\nMassa molar\nM(g/mol)\n\nEntalpia de formação\nΔHfº(kJ·mol-1)\n\nEnergia livre de Gibbs de formação\nΔGfº(kJ·mol-1)\n\nCapacidade calorífica molar\nCp,mº(J·K-1·mol-1)\n\nEnergia molar\nSº(J·K-1·mol-1)\n\nPotássio\nK(s)\n39,10\n0\n−8,94\n+6,09\n29,58\n64,18\nK(g)\n39,10\n−252,38\n−283,27\n20,79\n+102,5\nKOH(s)\n56,11\n−424,76\n−379,08\n64,9\n78,9\nKOH(aq)\n56,11\n−482,37\n−440,50\n49,04\n91,6\nKCl(s)\n74,55\n−365,75\n−349,14\n51,30\n82,95\nK2S(aq)\n110,26\n−380,7\n−364,0\n—\n190,4\nKBr(s)\n119,00\n−393,80\n−380,62\n52,30\n95,90\nKCl(aq)\n122,55\n−397,73\n−296,25\n10,28\n151,0\nKClO3(s)\n138,35\n−432,75\n−303,09\n11,28\n151,0\nK(I)(s)\n166,00\n−327,90\n−324,89\n52,93\n106,32\n\nPrata\nAg(s)\n107,87\n0\n0\n25,35\n42,55\nAg(g)\n107,87\n+105,58\n+7,11\n—\n72,88\nAgCl(s)\n143,32\n−127,07\n−109,79\n50,79\n96,2\nAgCl(aq)\n143,32\n−61,58\n−54,12\n—\n129,3\nAgNO3(s)\n169,88\n−124,39\n−33,41\n93,05\n140,92\nAgBr(s)\n187,77\n−15,98\n−26,86\n52,38\n155,2\nAg2O(s)\n231,74\n−31,05\n−11,20\n65,86\n121,3\nAgI(s)\n241,77\n−64,71\n−66,19\n56,82\n184,1\n\nSilício\nSi(s)\n28,09\n0\n0\n20,00\n18,83\nSiO2(s, α)\n60,09\n−910,94\n−856,64\n44,43\n41,84\n\nSódio\nNa(s)\n22,99\n0\n0\n28,24\n51,21\nNa(l)\n22,99\n+107,32\n+76,76\n20,79\n153,71\nNa+(aq)\n22,99\n−240,12\n−261,91\n59,54\n+59,0\nNaOH(s)\n40,00\n−425,61\n−379,49\n59,54\n64,46\nNaOH(aq)\n40,00\n−470,11\n−419,15\n—\n48,1\nNaCl(s)\n58,44\n−411,15\n−348,14\n50,50\n72,13\nNaBr(s)\n102,89\n−361,06\n−348,98\n51,38\n86,82\nNaI(s)\n149,89\n−287,78\n−266,06\n52,09\n96,53\n\nZinco\nZn(s)\n65,41\n0\n0\n25,40\n41,63\nZn2+(aq)\n65,41\n−153,89\n−147,06\n—\n−112,1\nZnO(s)\n81,41\n−348,28\n−318,30\n40,25\n43,64\n Compostos org\u00e2nicos\nSubst\u00e2ncia\nA\u00edcidos carbox\u00edlicos\nHCOOH(l), c\u00edcido f\u00f3rmico 46,02 \nCH3COOH(l), c\u00edcido ac\u00e9tico 60,05 \nCH3COOH(aq) 60,05 \nCH2CO3(aq) 59,04 \n(COOH)2(s), \u00e1cido ox\u00edtico 90,04 \nC6H5COOH(s), \u00e1cido benzoico 122,12 \n\nA\u00edcares\nC6H12O6(s), glicose 180,18 \nC6H12O6(aq), frutose 180,15 \nC12H22O11(s), sacarose 342,29 \n\nAlc\u00f3ois e fen\u00f3is\nCH3OH(l), metanol 32,04 \nC2H5OH(l), etanol 46,07 \nC3H8O(l), glicerol 92,13 \n\nAlde\u00eddos e cetonas\nHCHO(g), metanal (formalde\u00eddeo) 30,03 \nCH3CHO(g) 44,05 \nCH3C(O)CH3(l), propanona (acetona) 58,08 \n\nCompostos de nitrog\u00eanio\nCH3NH2(g), metilamina 31,06 \nCO(NH2)2(s), ur\u00e9ia 60,06 \nNH2(CH2COOH)2, glicina 75,07 \nC6H5NH2(l), anilina 93,13 \n\nMassa molar\nM(g/mol)\nEnthalpia de combust\u00e3o\n\u0394Hf\u00b7(kJ mol-1)\nEnthalpia de forma\u00e7\u00e3o\n\u0394Hf\u00b7(kJ mol-1)\nEnergia livre de Gibbs de forma\u00e7\u00e3o\n\u0394Gf\u00b7(kJ mol-1)\nCapacidade calor\u00edfica molar\nCp,mol\n(J K-1 mol-1)\nEnergia molar\nS0,mol\n(J K-1 mol-1) Massa molar\nM(g/mol) \nSubst\u00e2ncia\nHidrocarbonetos\nCH4(g), metano 16,04 \nC2H6(g), etano (cinetico) 26,04 \nC2H4(g), eteno (etileno) 28,05 \nC3H8(g), propano (propileno) 42,08 \nC3H6(g), ciclo-propano 42,08 \nC3H8(g), propano 44,09 \nC4H10(g), butano 58,12 \nC6H6(g), benzeno 78,11 \nC6H14(g), ciclo-hexano 84,15 \nC7H8(g), tolueno 92,13 \nC8H18(g), octano 114,22 \n\nEnthalpia de combust\u00e3o \n\u0394Hf\u00b7(kJ mol-1) \n-890 \n-1130 \n-1411 \n-1560 \n-2058 \n-2091 \n-2220 \n-2878 \n-3231 \n-3320 \n-3953 \n-3953 \n-5471\n\nEnthalpia de forma\u00e7\u00e3o \n\u0394Hf\u00b7(kJ mol-1) \n-748,1 \n226,73 \n52,26 \n-84,68 \n20,42 \n33,30 \n-103,85 \n126,15 \n-146,44 \n49,1 \n82,9 \n-156,4 \n-249,9\n\nEnergia livre de Gibbs de forma\u00e7\u00e3o \n\u0394Gf\u00b7(kJ mol-1) \n50,72 \n209,20 \n68,15 \n-32,82 \n62,78 \n104,45 \n-23,49 \n-17,03 \n-8,20 \n-12,4 \n-26,7 \n-28,9 \n6,4\n\nCapacidade calor\u00edfica molar \nCp,mol \n(J K-1 mol-1) \n43,93 \n81,6 \n43,56 \n52,63 \n55,94 \n73,5 \n97,45 \n120,42 \n136,1 \n156,5 \n103,6 \n221,0 \n320,7 \n\nEnergia molar \nS0,mol \n(J K-1 mol-1) \n186,26 \n200,94 \n219,56 \n266,6 \n237,4 \n220,8 \n310,1 \n349 \n269,31 \n204,4 \n282,70 \n320 \n358 2B POTENCIAIS PADR\u00c3O A 25\u00b0C\nPotenciais na ordem eletroqu\u00edmica\nMeia-re\u00e1cao de redu\u00e7\u00e3o E(V) Meia-re\u00e1cao de redu\u00e7\u00e3o E(V)\nFortes oxidantes \nH2O, + 2H+ + 2 e- \u2192 XeO3 + 3 H2O +3,30 NO3- + H2O + 2 e- \u2192 NO2 + 2 OH- +0,01 \nF2 + 2 e- \u2192 2 F- +2,87 Ti+ + 2 e- \u2192 Ti +0,00 \nO2 + 4 H+ + 2 e- \u2192 2 H2O +2,07 2 H+ + 2 e- \u2192 H2 0, por defini\u00e7\u00e3o \nS2O82- + 2 e- \u2192 2 SO42- +2,05 Fe3+ + e- \u2192 Fe2+ -0,04 \nCo3+ + e- \u2192 Co2+ +1,98 2 H2O2 + 2 e- \u2192 2 H2O + OH- -0,08 \nH2O2 + 2 H+ + 2 e- \u2192 2 H2O +1,81 In3+ + e- \u2192 In2+ -0,13 \nAu3+ + 2 e- \u2192 Au +1,69 Sn2+ + 2 e- \u2192 Sn -0,14 \n2 HClO + 2 H+ + 2 e- \u2192 Cl2 + 2 H2O +1,67 Ag+ + e- \u2192 Ag -0,15 \nCe4+ + e- \u2192 Ce3+ +1,63 Ni2+ + 2 e- \u2192 Ni -0,23 \nCu2+ + e- \u2192 Cu+ +1,61 W+ + e- \u2192 W -0,26 \n2 HBrO + 2 e- \u2192 Br2 + 2 H2O +1,60 Co2+ + 2 e- \u2192 Co -0,28 \nMnO4- + 8 H+ + 5 e- \u2192 Mn2+ + 4 H2O +1,51 I3- + 3 e- \u2192 I- -0,34 \nMn2+ + 2 e- \u2192 Mn +1,51 Tl+ + e- \u2192 Tl -0,34 \nNi2+ + 2 e- \u2192 Ni +1,40 PbSO4 + 2 e- \u2192 Pb + SO42- -0,36 \nCr2O72- + 6 e- + 14 H+ \u2192 2 Cr3+ + 7 H2O +1,36 Ti+ + 2 e- \u2192 Ti -0,37 \nH2O + 2 e- \u2192 H2 + 2 OH- +1,34 In+ + e- \u2192 In -0,40 \nO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e- \u2192 2 H2O +1,23 Cu+ + e- \u2192 Cu0 -0,41 \nZn2+ + 2 e- \u2192 Zn +0,85 I2 + 2 e- \u2192 I- -0,44 \nHg2+ + 2 e- \u2192 Hg2 +0,80 Zn + 2 e- \u2192 Zn -0,76 \nAg+ + 2 e- \u2192 Ag +0,79 Cd(OH)2 + 2 e- \u2192 Cd + 2 OH- -0,81 \nAg+ + e- \u2192 Ag +0,78 H2O2 + 2 e- \u2192 H2 + 2 OH- -0,83 \nFe3+ + e- \u2192 Fe2+ +0,77 Mn2+ + 2 e- \u2192 Mn -1,18 \nBrO3- + 6 H+ + 6 e- \u2192 Br- + 3 H2O +0,76 V2+ + 2 e- \u2192 V -1,19 \nMnO4- + 2 H2O + 2 e- \u2192 MnO2 + 4 OH- +0,60 Ti3+ + 3 e- \u2192 Ti -1,63 \nI2 + 2 e- \u2192 2 I- +0,54 Al3+ + 3 e- \u2192 Al -1,66 \nC2H5e + e- \u2192 C2H4e + OH- +0,52 U3+ + 3 e- \u2192 U -1,79 \nCu2+ + e- \u2192 Cu+ +0,49 Be2+ + 2 e- \u2192 Be -1,85 \nO2 + 2 H2O + 2 e- \u2192 O2 + 2 OH- +0,40 La3+ + 3 e- \u2192 La -2,52 \nClO3- + H2O + e- \u2192 ClO- + 2 H2O +0,036 Na+ + e- \u2192 Na -2,71 \nCu2+ + 2 e- \u2192 Cu +0,34 Ca2+ + 2 e- \u2192 Ca -2,87 \nAgCl + 2 e- \u2192 Ag + Cl- +0,22 Ba2+ + 2 e- \u2192 Ba -2,91 \nBr2 + 3 e- \u2192 Br- +0,20 Ra2+ + 2 e- \u2192 Ra -2,92 \nSO42- + 2 H+ + 2 e- \u2192 H2SO4 + H2O +0,17 Cs+ + e- \u2192 Cs -2,92 \nSb3+ + 2 e- \u2192 Sb +0,15 Rb+ + e- \u2192 Rb -2,93 \nSn2+ + e- \u2192 Sn +0,007 K+ + e- \u2192 K -2,93 \nLi+ + e- \u2192 Li -3,05 Meia-reação de redução E°/V Meia-reação de redução E°/V\n\nFatores relevantes\nAg⁺ + e⁻ ↔ Ag +0,80 In²⁺ + 2 e⁻ ↔ In -0,40\nAgB⁺ + e⁻ ↔ AgB +1,98 In⁺ + e⁻ ↔ In -0,49\nAgB²⁺ + 2 e⁻ ↔ AgB² +0,07 In²⁺ + 2 e⁻ ↔ In² -0,44\nAgCl + e⁻ ↔ Ag + Cl⁻ +0,22 In³⁺ + 3 e⁻ ↔ In³ -0,34\nAu³⁺ + 3 e⁻ ↔ Au +0,78 K⁺ + e⁻ ↔ K -2,93\nApt⁺ + e⁻ ↔ Apt -0,15 La³⁺ + e⁻ ↔ La -2,52\nAl³⁺ + 3 e⁻ ↔ Al -1,66 Li⁺ + e⁻ ↔ Li -3,05\nBa²⁺ + 2 e⁻ ↔ Ba +1,69 Mg²⁺ + 2 e⁻ ↔ Mg -2,36\nBa³⁺ + 2 e⁻ ↔ Ba +1,40 Mn²⁺ + 2 e⁻ ↔ Mn -1,18\nBe²⁺ + 2 e⁻ ↔ Be -1,91 Mn⁴⁺ + 2 e⁻ ↔ Mn²⁺ + 2 H₂O +1,23\nBe²⁺ + 2 e⁻ ↔ Ba +0,20 MnO₄⁻ + 5 e⁻ ↔ MnO₂ + 2 H₂O + 1,51\nB₂O₃ + 2 H₂O + 2 e⁻ ↔ B₂O₃ + 2 OH⁻ -0,76 MnO₄⁻ + 2 H₂O + 2 e⁻ ↔ MnO₂ + 4 OH⁻ + 0,41\nBr₂ + 2 e⁻ ↔ 2 Br⁻ +1,09 NO₃⁻ + 4 H⁺ + 3 e⁻ ↔ NO₂ + 2 H₂O + 0,96\nBr⁻ + H₂O + 2 e⁻ ↔ Br₂ + 2 OH⁻ + 1,23 NO₂ + H₂O + 2 e⁻ ↔ NO + 2 OH⁻ + 0,01\nC²⁺ + 2 e⁻ ↔ Ca -0,40 Ni⁺ + 2 e⁻ ↔ Ni -2,71\nC⁴⁺ + 3 e⁻ ↔ C -2,48 Na⁺ + e⁻ ↔ Na -0,23\nCe⁴⁺ + 4 e⁻ ↔ Ce³⁺ + 2 H₂O + 1,61 Ni(OH)₂ + 2 e⁻ ↔ Ni(OH)₂ + OH⁻ + 0,49\nCl₂ + 2 e⁻ ↔ 2 Cl⁻ +1,36 O₂ + 4 H⁺ + 4 e⁻ ↔ 2 H₂O +1,23\nClO⁻ + H₂O + 2 e⁻ ↔ Cl⁻ + 2 OH⁻ + 1,23 O₃ + H₂O + 2 e⁻ ↔ O₂ + 2 H⁺ + 0,08\nCu²⁺ + 2 e⁻ ↔ Cu +0,34 Pb²⁺ + 2 e⁻ ↔ Pb -0,10\nCu²⁺ + e⁻ ↔ Cu +0,15 Pd²⁺ + e⁻ ↔ Pb +1,67\nCr⁶⁺ + 6 e⁻ ↔ Cr²⁺ + 7 H₂O + 1,33 P₄O₁₂ + 2 H₂O + 2 e⁻ ↔ SO₄²⁻ + 2 H₂O +0,36\nCr³⁺ + 3 e⁻ ↔ Cr -0,41 Pt⁴⁺ + 2 e⁻ ↔ Pt²⁺ + 0,36\nC²⁺ + e⁻ ↔ Ca +2,92 Pu⁶⁺ + 2 e⁻ ↔ Pu⁴⁺ + 0,97\nCu²⁺ + 2 e⁻ ↔ Cu +0,34 Ra²⁺ + 2 e⁻ ↔ Ra -2,92\nCu⁴⁺ + 3 e⁻ ↔ Cu²⁺ 0,71 Rb⁺ + e⁻ ↔ Rb -2,93\n\nEm outro estado de oxidação +\n\nSe²⁺ + 2 e⁻ ↔ Se -0,67 S²⁻ + 2 e⁻ ↔ S²⁻ -0,14\n\"\n\n 2C CONFIGURAÇÕES ELETRÔNICAS NO ESTADO FUNDAMENTAL*\n\nZ Simbolo Configuração Z Simbolo Configuração\n1 H 1s¹ 58 Ce [Xe]4f¹5d¹6s²\n2 He 1s² 59 Pr [Xe]4f³\n3 Li [He]2s¹ 60 Nd [Xe]4f⁴\n4 Be [He]2s² 61 Pm [Xe]4f⁵\n5 B [He]2s²2p¹ 62 Sm [Xe]4f⁶5d¹\n6 C [He]2s²2p² 63 Eu [Xe]4f⁷6s²\n7 N [He]2s²2p³ 64 Gd [Xe]4f⁷5d¹\n8 O [He]2s²2p⁴ 65 Tb [Xe]4f⁶\n9 F [He]2s²2p⁵ 66 Dy [Xe]4f⁴\n10 Ne [He]2s²2p⁶ 67 Ho [Xe]4f⁷\n11 Na [Ne]3s¹ 68 Er [Xe]4f¹\n12 Mg [Ne]3s² 69 Tm [Xe]4f¹\n13 Al [Ne]3s²3p¹ 70 Yb [Xe]4f²\n71 Si [Ne]3s²3p² 71 Lu [Xe]4f¹5d¹\n15 P [Ne]3s²3p³ 72 Hf [Xe]4f¹5d²\n16 S [Ne]3s²3p⁴ 73 Ta [Xe]4f¹5d³\n17 Cl [Ne]3s²3p⁵ 74 W [Xe]4f¹5d⁴\n18 Ar [Ne]3s²3p⁶ 75 Re [Xe]4f¹5d⁵\n19 K [Ar]4s¹ 76 Os [Xe]4f¹5d⁶\n20 Ca [Ar]4s² 77 Ir [Xe]4f¹5d⁷\n21 Sc [Ar]4s²3d¹ 78 Pt [Xe]4f¹5d⁸\n22 Ti [Ar]4s²3d² 79 Au [Xe]4f¹5d⁹\n23 V [Ar]4s²3d³ 80 Hg [Xe]4f¹5d¹⁰\n24 Cr [Ar]4s²3d⁴ 81 Tl [Xe]4f¹5d¹⁴\n25 Mn [Ar]4s²3d⁵ 82 Pb [Xe]4f¹5d¹⁵\n26 Fe [Ar]4s²3d⁶ 83 Bi [Xe]4f¹5d¹⁶\n27 Co [Ar]4s²3d⁷ 84 Po [Xe]4f¹5d¹⁷\n28 Ni [Ar]4s²3d⁸ 85 At [Xe]4f¹5d¹⁸\n29 Cu [Ar]4s²3d¹⁰ 86 Rn [Rn]5f¹⁰\n30 Zn [Ar]4s²3d¹¹ 87 Fr [Rn]5f¹\n31 Ga [Ar]4s²3d¹¹4p¹ 88 Ra [Rn]5f²\n32 Ge [Ar]4s²3d¹¹4p² 89 Ac [Rn]5f³\n33 As [Ar]4s²3d¹¹4p³ 90 Th [Rn]5f⁴\n34 Se [Ar]4s²3d¹¹4p⁴ 91 Pa [Rn]5f⁵\n35 Br [Ar]4s²3d¹⁰4p⁵ 92 U [Rn]5f⁶\n36 Kr [Ar]4s²3d¹⁰4p⁶ 93 Np [Rn]5f⁷\n37 Rb [Kr]5s¹ 94 Pu [Rn]5f¹\n38 Sr [Kr]5s² 95 Am [Rn]5f²\n39 Y [Kr]5s² 96 Cm [Rn]5f⁴\n40 Zr [Kr]5s²4d¹ 97 Ds [Rn]5f⁵\n41 Nb [Kr]4d⁵ 98 Cf [Rn]5f¹\n42 Mo [Kr]5s²4d⁶ 99 Es [Rn]5f²\n43 Tc [Kr]5s ³ 100 Fm [Rn]5f⁶\n44 Ru [Kr]5s¹5d² 101 Md [Rn]5f¹\n45 Rh [Kr]5s¹5d³ 102 No [Rn]5f¹·\n46 Pd [Kr]4d¹⁰ 103 Lr [Rn]5f¹·\n47 Ag [Kr]5s¹5d¹ 104 Rf [Rn]5f¹·\n48 Cd [Kr]4d¹⁰5s² 105 Db [Rn]5f¹·\n49 In [Kr]5s²5p¹ 106 Sg [Rn]5f¹·\n50 Sn [Kr]5s²5p² 107 Bh [Rn]5f¹·\n51 Sb [Kr]5p³5p³ 108 Hs [Rn]5f¹·\n52 Te [Kr]5p⁴ 109 Mt [Rn]5f¹·\n53 I [Kr]5p⁵ 110 Ds [Rn]5f¹·\n54 Xe [Xe]5p¹ 111 Rg [Rn]5f¹·\n55 Cs [Xe]5s¹ 112 Cn [Rn]5f¹·\n56 Ba [Xe]5s² 114 Fl [Rn]5f¹·\n57 La [Xe]5d¹6s² 116 Lv [Rn]5f¹ 2D OS ELEMENTOS\n\nElemento Símbolo Mínimo Máximo M Raio atômico Densidade\n [A] [cm³/g] [g/cm³] \nactínio Ac 889 (227) 1.007 1050 2090 1770,1900 1,1 +3 188 1183(³) \nalumínio Al 13 26,98 2,70 660 2677 577,1871,2744 +43 1,6 143 504(¹) \nanelino Am 95 243 13,67 900 578 2020 103 22,1 +3 169 173(²+) \nântimônio Sb 51 121,76 6,78 631 1780 854,1794,2413 +103 2,2, +3, +5 381 891(³+) \nártio Ar 38 39,95 1,65 -189 1520 <0 0 174 - \n\n(argônio gás, inativo) ArS 33 74,92 5,78 613* 947,1798 +78 2,2, +3, +5 125 222(³+) \nastato At 210 270 1,3 2100 1600 2021 +70 5,8 68 227(₁) \nbário Ba 137,33 3,59 1710 1600 962 +14 0,89 217 1352(²+) \nberílio Be 9,012 9,012 7,28 2570 1907 <0 1,6 +2 .+3 3 307(ár) \nbromo Br 35,79 79, km³ 1140,2014 +325 -1,+3, +4, +5 . 196(¹) \n\n(cabeça) T 56 - 26 - 1(а). 258A - 19(² )\n<|diff_marker|>1\n\n Elemento\ncarbono\ndo latim caro, carvío\nC\n6\n12.01\n1\n2.27\n3700°\n1090, 2532.\n\nCr\n58\n140.12\n5.71\n800\n527, 1067, 1949\n<50\n1.3\n\n1473)\ncelso\ndo latim cælius, (do céu)\nCu\n29\n63.55\n132.91\n1.87\n28 576, 3420\n+\n+0.9\n+\n1\n265\n(1671)\nchumbo\ndo latim plumbum, (chumbo)\nPb\n82\n207.2\n9.34\n11.34\n328 710°, 1450\n+\n35\n+2.3\n+\n4\n175\n(132.2)\ndoco\ndo grego dhokos, (verde amarelado)\nCo\n27\n58.93\n8.80\n1894 960,1668, 3232\n+64\n+3.5\n+\n7\n125\n(648.7)\ncobre\ndo latim cuprum, (do grego kuballion, chumb)\nCu\n29\n63.55\n8.8\n1083 2567, 1958, 1954\n+118\n+1.2\n+\n2\n128\n(72-)\ncálcio\n(Nicolás Copérnico)\nCa\n20\n40.08\n(285)\nC\n+37\n+3\n+\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n\nCr\n24\n52.00\n5.20\n7.19\n1860 663, 1952, 1987\n+64\n+2\n+\n3\n125\n(84-)\ncádmio\n(do grego chálcos, (cobre)\nCd\n48\n112.41\n7.70\n1440 667, 934,\n1.3\n–\n151\n(90-)\ndinamite\n(do latim dynamis, (poder)\nDy\n66\n162.5\n8.243\n1114 2550 924\n<50\n–\n+1\n213\n(108-)\ndióxido\n(do grego dysrnomos, (de alçar)\nDb\n105\n[262]\n8.67\n1960 2032\n600\n–\n+\n1\n35\n(90-)\neinsteinio\n(Albert Einstein)\nEs\n99\n252.0\n9.07\n10.5 2400, 2521\n+200 32, +4.6\n+\n6\n104\n(184-)\nebrio\ndo latim alvar, (metal)\nEr\n68\n167.26\n9.01\n1520 689, 1151, 2194\n<50\n12\n+3\n176\n(80-)\neurópio\n(Europa)\nEu\n63\n151.96\n8.3\n5.25 820 1450 547, 1085, 2404\n<50\n—\n+3\n204\n(98+)\n(continua) Elemento\nferro\ndo latim ferrum, (ferro)\nFe\n26\n55.85\n7.87\n1510 759, 1561, 2957\n+16\n+2\n+\n3\n124\n(81-)\nferrício\n(Georgy Flerov, físico russo)\nF\n114\n298.0\n—\n\n1.21\n1680 3718, 1936\n+328\n+4.0\n+\n+2.2\n+\n3.5\n110\n(133-)\ntálio\ndo latim thallis,\nTl\n81\n204.37\n9.92\n11.38\n278 1011,1903\n+\n+2.2\n+\n3.5\n112\n(78-)\ngalônio\ndo latim Gallium, (galho)\nGa\n31\n69.72\n5.91\n30\n2045, 577, 1979, 296.33\n+29\n+1.3\n+\n+2.1\n122\n(62-) germanio\ndo latim Germania, Alemanha\nGe\n32\n72.64\n5.32\n927 398 794, 1557, 392\n+116\n+2.2\n+\n4\n122\n(90+) háfnio\ndo latim Hafniu, Copenhague, Dinamarca\nHf\n72\n178.49\n7.14\n2320 556 2360, 1440, 220\n–\n+\n-3\n156\n(83-)\nhexógeno\n(do grego ex - júri, novos gêneros)\nHes\n108\n227.0\n—\n2070 926 953, 932 960, 3412\n–\n+\n3\n136\n(124-) hidrogênio\n(do grego hydro, = água)\nH\n1\n1.008\n1.007\n-289 279, 5250\n+73\n+2\n+\n+1\n120\n(54-)\nholônio\n(do grego holos(6), inteiro)\nHo\n67\n164.93\n8.48\n1720 280 1139\n+150\n+1.1\n+\n-4\n177\n(33+)\nmáscara\ndo grego nidhorain, (do seu espectro)\nNd\n60\n141.91\n9.20\n1890 2200 1656, 1821\n+51\n22 +3.4\n+\n+2.3\n245\n(72-)\nlantânio\n(do grego lanton, (ser escondido))\nLa\n57\n138.91\n6.17\n920 3450 538, 1067, 1850\n+\nd\002\n+\n3\n188\n(123+)\nlantídeo\ndo grego lanton, (ser escondido)\nLr\n103\n[262]\n—\n—\n—\n—\n—\n—\n+3\n-1\n===========\n(continua) Elemento\nlinhó\ndo grego linho, pedra)\nLi\n3\n6.94\n0.53\n127 519, 7298\n<50\n1.0\n1.5\n152\n(76-)\nlivrodo\ndo latim numações, (laboratório Nacional)\nLv\n116\n(299) —\n300 3100 2022\n<50\n+3\n173\n(85-)\nmagnésio\n(Magnésias, um distrito da Tesália, Grécia)\nMg\n12\n24.31\n1.74\n600 736, 1461\n+\n1.3\n+2\n160\n(72+) manganêso\ndo grupo de lítio, (lítio, mais)\nMn\n25\n54.94\n7.47\n1250 217, 1599\n0.6\n+1.6\n+2.3\n+4,7\n132\n(91-)\nmédio\ndo latim Medius)\nMt\n109\n(265)\n—\n840\n–\n1.0\n2\n882\n(2+)\nmendenite\n(do metal Mendeleev)\nMe\n106\n258\n200.9\n1.35\n39 3007, 1810\n— 1.8\n+2.1\n162\n(10-) moraló\ndo grego molar,\nMo\n42\n95.94\n10.22\n2500 4830, 1585, 2621\n+72\n+2.2\n+5.6\n+6.5\n98\n(92+) neodímio\ndo grego neòs, (lúmen novos gêmeos)\nNd\n60\n142.48\n7.00\n1200 900, 1035\n<0.1\n+\n3\n182\n(104+)\nneônio\ndo grego novo)\nNe\n10\n20.18\n8.4\n2 577, 93.5 932, 994 892\n+4\n+\n4\n<1.5\n-3\n157\n(60-)\nnigló\ndo grego nêgos\nNi\n28\n58.73\n8.79\n1458 891, 1458 1859 1814\n+5.2\n+\n1.5\n+1.8\n-5\n123\n(22-)\nseu último\n(Ernest Lawrence, físico americano)\nLr\n103\n(262)\n8.3\n—\n—\n—\n—\n1.3\n+3\n-1\n857\n(89+)\n\n(continua) Muito produtos químicos têm nomes comuns, algumas vezes como resultado de seu uso por centenas de anos; outras vezes, porque aparecem nas etiquetas de produtos consumidos, como detergentes, bebidas e antitóxicos. Algumas das substâncias que encontraram seu caminho na linguagem do dia a dia estão listadas na tabela ao lado.\n\n3B Nomes Comuns de Produtos Químicos\nNome comum\tFórmula\tNome químico\nsoda de padaria\tNaHCO₃\thidrogenocarbonato de sódio (bicarbonato de sódio)\nalvejante\tNaClO\thipoclorito de sódio\nboráx\tNa₂B₄O₇·10H₂O\ttetraborato de sódio deca-hidratado\npedra de enxofre\tS₈\tenxofre\ncalamina\tZnCO₃\tcarbonato de zinco\ngiz\tCaCO₃\tcarbonato de cálcio\nsais de Epsom\tMgSO₄·7H₂O\tsulfato de magnésio hepta-hidratado\nouro dos totos (pirita)\tFeS₂\tdissulfeto de ferro(II)\ngesso\tCaSO₄·2H₂O\tsulfato de cálcio di-hidratado\ncal viva\tCaO\tóxido de cálcio\ncal apagada\tCa(OH)₂\thidróxido de cálcio\ncalcário\tCaCO₃\tcarbonato de cálcio\nlíxivia, soda cáustica\tNaOH\thidróxido de sódio\nmármore\tCaCO₃\tcarbonato de cálcio\nleite de magnésia\tMg(OH)₂\thidróxido de magnésio\nestique\tCaSO₄·2H₂O\tsulfato de cálcio bem-hidratado\npotassa*\tK₂CO₃\tcarbonato de potássio\nquartzó\tSiO₂\t óxido de silício\nsal de cozinha\tNaCl\tcloreto de sódio\nvinagre\tCH₃COOH\tácido acético (ácido etanoico)\nsoda de limpeza\tNa₂CO₃·10H₂O\tcarbonato de sódio deca-hidratado\n\n*Potassa também se refere coletivamente a K₂CO₃, KOH, K₂SO₄, KCl e KNO₃.\n\nA nomenclatura moderna incluiu o número de oxidação dos elementos que têm números de oxidação variados nos nomes de seus compostos. Entretanto, ainda se utiliza muito a nomenclatura tradicional, na qual os sufixos -oso e -ico são usados. A tabela ao lado traduz um sistema no outro, para alguns elementos comuns.\n\n3C Nomes de Alguns Cátions Comuns com Carga Variável\nElemento\tCát ion\tNome antigo\tNome moderno\ncobalto\tCo²⁺\tcobaltooso\tcobalto(II)\ncobre\tCu²⁺\tcuproso\tcobre(II)\nferro\tFe²⁺\tferroso\tferro(II)\nchumbo\tPb²⁺\tplumboso\tchumbo(II)\nmanganês\tMn²⁺\tmanganoso\tmanganês(II)\nmercúrio\tHg₂²⁺\tmercuroso\tmercúrio(I)\nHg²⁺\tmercúrio\tmercúrio(II)\nestanho\tSn²⁺\testanoso\testanho(II)\nSn⁴⁺\testaníco\testanho(IV)