Raphex 2004 Questions

RADIOLOGICAL\nPHYSICS\nRaphex\n2004\nEXAMINATION\nPublished for:\nRAMPS\n(Radiological and Medical Physics Society of New York) RAPHEX 2004 was prepared by members of the Radiological and Medical Physics Society of New York (RAMPS, Inc.), the New York chapter of the American Association of Physicists in Medicine (AAPM). Contributors to this exam were:\n\nGeneral:\nSusan Brownie, M.Sc., Editor\nEugene Lief, Ph.D., Reviewer\nFrank Ranallo, Ph.D., Reviewer\n\nDiagnostic:\nAdel Mustafa, Ph.D., Editor\nJohn Humm, Ph.D., Reviewer\nSteven Balter, Ph.D., Reviewer\nLawrence Rothenberg, Ph.D., Reviewer\nMaynard High, Ph.D., Reviewer\nFrank Ranallo, Ph.D., Reviewer\nAdditional contributors by:\nYousef Erbi, Ph.D.\nPat Zannonic, Ph.D.\n\nTherapy:\nSusan Brownie, M.Sc., Editor\nRobert Barish, Ph.D., Reviewer\nDoracy Fontenla, Ph.D., Reviewer\n\n* You have 3 HOURS to complete both sections: the GENERAL section, and your SPECIALTY section.\n* Non-programmable calculators may be used.\n* Choose the most complete and appropriate answer to each question.\n\nWe urge residents to review the exam with their physics instructors. \n\nAny comments or corrections are appreciated and should be sent to:\n\nSusan Brownie, M.Sc.\nDepartment of Radiation Oncology, HC107\nNew York University Medical Center\n560 1st Avenue\nNew York, NY 10016\n\nCopyright © 2004 by RAMPS, Inc., the New York chapter of the AAPM. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written permission from the publisher or the copyright holder.\n\nPublished in cooperation with RAMPS by: Medical Physics Publishing\n4513 Vernon Boulevard\nMadison, WI 53705-4964\n1-800-422-5778\nwww.medicalphysics.org G1. 5 rem is equivalent to ____ mSv.\nA. 0.05\nB. 0.5\nC. 5\nD. 50\nE. 500\n\nG2. In order to convert exposure (R) to absorbed dose (mGy), the factor for diagnostic x-rays and muscle tissue by which exposure is multiplied is closest to ____.\nA. 0.1\nB. 5\nC. 9\nD. 20\nE. 90\n\nG3. Exposure is ____:\nA. The energy absorbed in a given mass of a medium.\nB. The air kerma of a photon beam.\nC. Measured in Sv.\nD. The ionization in a given mass of air.\n\nG4-7. Match the following units with the quantities below: (Answers may be used more than once or not at all.)\nA. Bq\nB. Sv\nC. C/kg\nD. Gy\nE. J\n\nG4. Absorbed dose\nG5. Activity\nG6. Exposure\nG7. Dose equivalent\n\nG8. The energy equivalent of an electron at rest is ____.\nA. 0.51 keV\nB. 930 keV\nC. 0.51 MeV\nD. 1.02 MeV\nE. 930 MeV\n\nRaphex 2004 General\nQuestions\n\nG9-12. Match the following:\nA. Electron\nB. Positron\nC. Neutron\nD. Alpha particle\nE. Proton\n\nG9. Emitted by the cathode of an x-ray tube.\nG10. The particle responsible for MR Imaging.\nG11. Assuming A–E have the same energy, the _____ has the shortest path length in water.\nG12. Is indirectly ionizing.\n\nG13. 131Iodine and 125Iodine have:\nA. Have different chemical properties.\nB. Have different Z values.\nC. Occupy different columns on the periodic table.\nD. Have the same number of neutrons.\nE. None of the above.\n\nG14. All of the following are true except: Tritium 3H _____ hydrogen 1H.\nA. is an isotope of\nB. has more neutrons than\nC. has more electrons than\nD. is chemically identical to\n\nG15. 27Co has _____ neutrons and mass number _____.\nA. 59 27\nB. 59 32\nC. 32 27\nD. 27 59\nE. 32 59\n\nG16. When an electron is removed from an atom, the atom is said to be:\nA. Radioactive.\nB. Ionized.\nC. Inert.\nD. Metastable.\n\nG17. In an atomic nucleus, the binding energy per nucleon:\nA. Is not affected by the process of radioactive decay.\nB. Is independent of Z.\nC. Is maximum for low and high values of Z.\nD. Increases after decay to the ground state.\n\nRaphex 2004 General\nQuestions\n\nG18. Compared with an atom of argon (Z=18), potassium (Z=19) is:\nA. Much more reactive.\nB. Slightly less reactive.\nC. Much less reactive.\nD. About equally reactive.\n\nG19. After 10 half-lives, the fraction of activity remaining is _____.\nA. 1-(1/2)10\nB. 1-e-0.693 x 10\nC. (1/2)10\nD. e-0.693 x 10\nE. C and D\n\nG20. A radioactive source of strength 47.0 mGy.m2.h-1 and half-life of 74 days will decay to ____ mgGy.m2.h-1 after 222 days.\nA. 23.5\nB. 11.8\nC. 5.9\nD. 2.9\nE. 1.5\n\nG21. A batch of 125 seeds for a prostate implant is required to have an activity of 0.50 mCi/seed at the time of the implant. If the seeds arrive 5 days early, their activity will be ____ mCi/seed on arrival. (Half-life = 60 days.)\nA. 0.47\nB. 0.53\nC. 0.59\nD. 0.62\nE. 0.77\n\nG22. If the biological and physical half-lives of a radiotracer are both 2 hours, the effective half-life is ____ hours.\nA. 0.25\nB. 0.5\nC. 1.0\nD. 2.0\nE. 4.0\n\nG23. During nuclear decay, energetic particles are emitted. The maximum energy of these particles is a function of the:\nA. Mass defect.\nB. Neutron capture cross section.\nC. Spin orientation of the particles.\nD. Decay constant.\n\nRaphex 2004 General\nQuestions\n\nG24. Which of the following is/are true regarding positron emission?\n1. It is accompanied by neutrino emission.\n2. It cannot occur unless the energy levels of the parent and daughter differ by 0.51 MeV.\n3. It is followed by annihilation and emission of two 0.51 MeV photons.\n4. It consists of monoenergetic positrons.\nA. 1, 3\nB. 2, 4\nC. 4 only\nD. 1, 2, 3, 4\nE. None of the above.\n\nG25. Which of the following is/are true regarding electron capture?\n1. It can compete with positron emission in isotopes with an excess of protons.\n2. It can result in characteristic x-ray emission.\n3. It can result in Auger electron emission.\n4. It can result in the emission of a neutrino.\nA. 1, 3\nB. 2, 4\nC. 4 only\nD. 1, 2, 3, 4\n\nG26. Two nuclides have the following properties:\n\n Nuclide I Nuclide II\nAtomic number Z Z+1\nMass number A A\n\nNuclide I may transform into Nuclide II by:\nA. Beta plus decay.\nB. Beta minus decay.\nC. Alpha decay.\nD. Isomeric transition.\n\nG27. Heavy radioactive nuclei (mass number A > 200) decay most frequently with the emission of(a):\nA. Beta particle\nB. Gamma ray\nC. Auger electron\nD. Alpha particle\n\nRaphex 2004 G28. Characteristic x-rays may be emitted following:\n1. Internal conversion\n2. Beta minus decay\n3. Electron capture\n4. Alpha decay\nA. 1, 3\nB. 2, 4\nC. 4 only\nD. 1, 2, 3, 4\nE. None of the above\nG29. During an isomeric transition, all of the following may be emitted, except:\nA. Auger electron.\nB. Beta particle.\nC. Characteristic x-rays.\nD. Internal conversion electrons.\nE. Gamma rays.\nG30. Positron emission occurs in radionuclides which have an excess of:\nA. Electrons.\nB. Positrons.\nC. Neutrons.\nD. Protons.\nE. Mesons.\nG31. When 37Cl undergoes an (n,α) reaction, the product is ______.\nA. 33P\nB. 33P\nC. 34S\nD. 37Cl\nG32. Which of the following is produced in a cyclotron?\nA. 17Cs\nB. 19F\nC. 127I\nD. 40K G33. Radionuclides created by placing a sample in the neutron flux of a reactor generally emit ______ following decay.\nA. Beta plus particles\nB. Alpha particles\nC. Beta minus particles\nD. Gammas\nE. C and D\nG34. Which of the following occurs one month after a radium source (half-life 1600 years) is sealed in a tube with its daughter radon (half-life 3.8 days)?\nA. Transient equilibrium\nB. Secular equilibrium\nC. Equilibrium has not yet occurred\nD. Equilibrium will never be established with these isotopes\nG35. 10 Ci is equal to ______.\nA. 3.7 Bq\nB. 270 Bq\nC. 2.7 MBq\nD. 37 MBq\nE. 370 GBq\nG36. Which of the following is not a unit used to describe the strength of a radioactive source?\nA. MBq\nB. µCi\nC. mg Ra equ\nD. Gy m2 hr-1\nE. Amu\nG37. The exposure rate constant for 117Cs is 3.3 R.cm2.mCi-1.hr-1. The exposure rate at 3 m from a patient with a temporary insertion of 163 mCi (ignoring tissue attenuation) is:\nA. 60 R/hr\nB. 0.36 R/hr\nC. 36 mR/hr\nD. 6 mR/hr G38. An 197Ir source from a high dose rate afterloader has a dose rate of 1.75 R/hr at 1 m. It is placed at the center of a container of radius 30 cm. ______ TVLs of shielding are required to reduce the exposure rate at the surface of the container to less than 2 mR/hr.\nA. 1\nB. 2\nC. 4\nD. 7\nE. 10\nG39. Regarding x-ray tubes, all of the following are true except:\nA. The filament emits electrons by thermionic emission.\nB. Electrons travel from the anode to the cathode.\nC. The kVp is the peak voltage applied between the anode and the cathode.\nD. When electrons strike the target, characteristic x-rays and Bremsstrahlung are emitted.\nE. The target is angled and rotated to increase its heat capacity.\nG40. The ratio of energy converted to heat versus energy converted to x-ray production in a typical diagnostic x-ray target is about ______.\nA. 1:1000\nB. 1:100\nC. 1:1\nD. 100:1\nE. 1000:1\nG41-44. Consider an atom with the following binding energies:\nK shell 30 keV\nL shell 4.0 keV\nM shell 0.7 keV\nMatch the energies of possible emissions with the types, for incident electrons of 50 keV.\nA. Characteristic x-rays only\nB. Bremsstrahlung only\nC. Both\nD. Neither\nG41. 49.3 keV\nG42. 26.0 keV\nG43. 54.0 keV\nG44. 4.7 keV\nG45. The maximum photon energy in an x-ray spectrum is determined by:\nA. the inherent and added filtration.\nB. the target material.\nC. the kVp.\nD. the maximum mA.\nE. none of the above. General\n★ Questions ★\n\nG46. The minimum photon energy in an x-ray spectrum is determined by the:\nA. Inherent and added filtration.\nB. Target material.\nC. kVp.\nD. Maximum mA.\nE. None of the above.\n\nG47. In a typical x-ray beam, the 2nd HVL _____ the 1st HVL.\nA. is always greater than\nB. is always less than\nC. is the same as\nD. could be greater than or less than\n\nG48. For a typical diagnostic x-ray beam, the HVL is measured in ____.\nA. mm Pb\nB. cm W\nC. mm Al\nD. cm Cu\n\nG49. The effective photon energy of an x-ray beam can be increased by:\nA. Increasing the tube current.\nB. Decreasing the filtration.\nC. Increasing the mAs.\nD. Increasing the tube voltage.\nE. None of the above.\n\nG50-52. Match the following with the descriptions below:\nA. Gamma rays\nB. Ultraviolet\nC. Infrared\nD. Radiowaves\nE. Visible light.\n\nG50. Has the longest wavelength.\nG51. Has the shortest wavelength.\nG52. Has the 2nd highest energy.\n\nG53. The frequency of a photon of wavelength 10^-5 cm is ____ Hz.\n(Velocity of light c = 3 x 10^8 m s^-1)\nA. 30\nB. 3000\nC. 3 x 10^5\nD. 3 x 10^15\nE. 3 x 10^25\n\nRaphex 2004